Main Historical Events in Madrid

1. 9th Century: Madrid is founded as a small Arabic fortress named "Mayrit" under the ruling of Emir Mohamed I.
2. 1083: Alfonso VI of Castile conquers Madrid and incorporates it into the Christian kingdom.
3. 1561: King Philip II makes Madrid the capital of Spain.
4. 1808: Spanish War of Independence begins, and Madrid becomes a major stronghold against French occupation.
5. 1936-1939: Madrid suffers heavy bombings during the Spanish Civil War but remains loyal to the Republican government.
6. 1975: The death of dictator Francisco Franco, leading to the restoration of democracy in Spain.
7. 1986: Spain joins the European Union, bringing economic and social transformations to Madrid.
8. 2004: Madrid experiences a terrorist attack on commuter trains, causing widespread shock and grief.
9. 2011: Protests against the economic crisis and government austerity measures erupt in Madrid's Puerta del Sol square.
10. 2019: Madrid hosts the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25) to address global environmental issues.

Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of historical events but highlights some significant moments in Madrid's history.